Tuesday, August 6, 2019
The effect of birth order on personality
The effect of birth order on personality The overarching tenet of this research is the effect of birth order on the personality of individuals in a family. This research recognizes the fact that the development needs of a first born differs from the last child in a family. In order for children to gain access to the resources of the family, they have different developmental strategies by establishing their own niche and these strategies are manifested by behavioral and personality differences between siblings. This proposal will highlight the origin à  ¾f personality differences between siblings. This will be followed by relevant theories that will explain the forces that are at play in shaping the development of an individual which will shed light on the possible reasons that drive sibling interactions. After the evolutionary niche model of Alfred Alders (1996) in this chapter, key issues and research goals and the application of the results will be laid out. In the field of behavioral genetics, numerous research have been published that explored the genetic influence of personality citing that it accounts approximately 40% of variances in individual personalities while environmental factors contribute only to 35% for non-shared and 5% for shared environments while the remainder or 20% is attributed to sampling and measurement errors (à  lderц¢, 1999, 2001; à  là  ¾min Dà  °nielц¢, 1987; Turkheimer Wà  °ldrà  ¾n, 2000). Most notable of these results is the small influence of shared experience on personality development. It was observed that a fair proportion of personality transpired early in a persons lifetime. Thus, a brief, shared family experience seemed to exert little effect on the person of an individuals personality (Turkheimer Wà  °ldrà  ¾n, 2000). This small influence of shared family experiences in personality formation has led to criticism and subsequent refinements in the methods employed in behavioral genetics (Mà  ¾ffitt, 2005). For instance, recent reviews have suggested that estimates on variance contributed by shared environment should be increased in order for the significant gene-envirà  ¾nment interà  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ tià  ¾nц¢ become apparent (Mà  ¾ffitt, 2005), and the concept of shared environment has been shown to be simple and straightforward. When this last feature is taken which is the concept of shared family environment, it has been argued by à  lderц¢ (2001) that the within-family environment in which siblings live together does not necessarily result in shared sibling experiences. In other words, the experiences that two or more siblings have in common, which are termed shared experiences, have numerous differentiating factors. This is illustrated by this example. Siblings are likely to differ in age and gender leading to variations in size, strength, and cognitive maturity. These differences in cognitive maturity result in dissimilar interpretations of experiences and shared events leading to differing effects on development. Morales (1994) believed that position of the child in the family has an effect on the behavior of the child inside and outside of the confines of the home. He pointed out in his studies that it is the first born who is more responsible, more self-confident, and shows higher self- esteem. He added that older children in the family were provided more opportunities to teach their younger siblings thus encouraging them to become leaders and more intelligent. According to Zajonc and Markus (as cited in Bianchi Robinson, 1997) birth order had an inversely relationship with academic performance which theorizes that more children result in lower intellectual stimulation in the family. Moreover, as there are differences in the specific needs and wants of individual siblings, so should their interpretation of the shared environment. Indeed, varying responses to shared is beneficial to siblings within the same family environment. This is apparent in the competition among siblings in their access to family resources. At an early age, majority of resources that an individual sibling wants are in the form of parental attention and care. While it is encouraged in modern societies to distribute resources equally within the family, the unequal allocation of resources in the family can be traced in history and contemporary tribal societies. It is the practice of investing heavily on the eldest and youngest. The parental allocation of resources to children is determined by the availability of the resources at any given time and gaining access to these resources is the predicament all the siblings face. Romeo (1994) asserted that a childs position in the family is a great influence in shaping the personality of the individual. He added, The influence of the family constellation is so strong that the lifestyles of the youngest children of two different families are more similar than those of the youngest and middle child of the same family. According to Travis and Kohli (1995) said that the intellectual ability of siblings depends on birth order. Olszewski-Kubilius (2000) asserted that birth order is not merely a superficial variable but one that is instrumental and crucial that can affect how families behave and provide resources to their child. The proponent of this research is interested in establishing the effect of birth order on the personality of Grade 9 students at a middle school in the area. In this study, personality will be classified using two of five personality dimensions in the Big Five. When the personality of the respondent is evaluated using the Big Five it is consistent with the predictions of family dynamics. For this study, the convenience sampling will be used and therefore conclusion could not be generalized to reflect the overall view of Grade Nine students in the nearby middle school. Another assumption will be that the respondents will truthfully answer the items in the questionnaire ensuring a high external validity. One limitation is that the data will be based on the self-report of the respondents based on their perceptions towards how their position in the family affected their personality and conformity in family communication. Only the perceptions of the middle school students will be determined and only the variables conscientiousness, openness to experience, and conformity in family communication will be studied. Therefore views of their teachers, parents, or siblings are beyond the scope of this study. Although self-reports obtained from self-administered questionnaires serves its advantage since scoring could be done with relative ease, validity and reliability must first be established. Another possibility is that some students might not fully understand the items in the questionnaire considering that the respondent pool will be composed of different racial backgrounds whose English facility is not excellent. To remedy the language barrier, the questionnaire will be translated into thei r native tongue. To allay any anxiety during test administration, the investigator will emphasize that there are no right or wrong answers. Problem statement The main question this research hopes to answer is Does birth order have any kind of effect on personality? The roles of family members in the family govern the responsibilities and expectations placed on children by parents and siblings. How children perceive their place in the family affects their feelings and perceptions about themselves and the quality of their interaction with others (Kottman Johnson, 1993 as cited in Nims, 1998). During the childs formative certain elements in the family structure which reflect affiliation and emotional security greatly affect the coping and relationship styles and the psychological status of mature individuals (Fullerton et al. 1989). Despite the influence of genetics and the environment, behavioral differences of siblings could be due to birth order (Claxton, 1994), defined as the childs rank in the family according to age (Steelman, 1985 as cited in Claxton, 1994). An individuals status in the family which is the first social structure the child is exposed to is implicated as one of the major factors that contribute in shaping personality (Gould, 1997), and subsequent social relationships outside the family. Though there is wide acceptance on the belief that birth order is the single most important factor of development across a persons lifetime, the individuals birth order could potentially influence the quality of child-parental and sibling-sibling interaction affecting personality and social behavior (Buckley, 1998). Differences on the experiences of socialization among individuals by virtue of birth order result in explicit variations in personality and behavior. When there are no siblings, those who were first born are likely to be socialized by adults while those who were later born become exposed to the socialization of their older siblings (Claxton, 1994). Thus it was theorized that the first born or the oldest child in the family is more leaned towards achievement while the rest of the siblings tend to be more sociable and gain more satisfying and pleasurable experiences (Claxton, 1994). However, these observations are generalized and imprecise (Claxton, 1994). Research questions With the birth of a child, the individual enters into a world different from the child born before him or her. Since parents have learned a great deal from nurturing the first child, the coming of the second child will be easier to deal with, however the second child must compete with the first child to gain access of family resources such as food, clothing, attention, love and many others (Zanjonc 2001). The 2004 US census revealed that the average size of the family is 3.18. In other words, the typical American family is composed of an three children- the eldest or first born, middle child, and the youngest or last born. Differences in the type of environment the children are exposed to may have a significant effect on them. Various methodologies have looked primarily on the influence of family size and birth order on child development. Stereotypes surrounding the personality of the eldest versus the middle child and the last born are ever present in society. The study of Herrera and Zonjanc (2003) established the beliefs underlying the various personalities associated with the first born, middle child, and so forth. Their research revealed that those who were born first showed both positive and negative traits. They were regarded to be most successful in their academic performance, very responsible, exhibit conformist attitudes, enjoy greater stability while not being in touch with ones emotions and not imaginative. In addition, middle children are stereotyped to be the most envious while the youngest is isually the most innovative, expressive, demonstrative, defiant, negligent and conversational. The only child is most often considered to display unpleasant behaviors. Differences were also noted as to the type of occupation study participants perceived among children varying in birth orders. They had the belief th at the first born pursue courses like Accountacy, Aeronautics, Architechture, Education, Law or Medicine among others. Conversely, last borns are likely to take Visual Arts, Music, Performing Arts, Photography and many others. This qualitative study is aimed to determine the effect of birth order on the personality of ninth grade students in the area. Specifically, it will provide answers to the following questions: Whà  °t iц¢ the effeÑ t à  ¾f birth à  ¾rder à  ¾n Ñâ‚ ¬erц¢Ãƒ  ¾nà  °lity? Whà  °t Ñ à  ¾ntributeц¢ tà  ¾ Ñâ‚ ¬erц¢Ãƒ  ¾nà  °lity differenÑ eц¢ among siblings? Dà  ¾ dynà  °miѠц¢ à  ¾f the fà  °mily à  °nd the influenÑ e à  ¾f birth à  ¾rder à  ¾n Ñâ‚ ¬erц¢Ãƒ  ¾nà  °lity Ñ hà  °nge à  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ fà  °mily ц¢ize inÑ reà  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢eц¢? Iц¢ there à  ° demà  ¾nц¢trà  °ted relà  °tià  ¾nц¢hiÑâ‚ ¬ between birth à  ¾rder à  °nd Ñâ‚ ¬erц¢Ãƒ  ¾nà  °lity in là  °rge fà  °milieц¢ à  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ well? Application of results The results that will be obtained in the proposed study will be beneficial to field of counselling. Research has proven that the hypotheses of counsellors regarding their clients are considerably affected by the birth order of the client in his or her family (Stewart, 2004). Thus it is relevant to educate counsellors on the significance of discriminating two concepts of birth order, psychological and ordinal. It is also necessary for counsellors to have a good understanding on the relationship between psychological and ordinal birth orders on the relationships the clients have established whether in their respective families or outside the confines of the home. With this information in hand, clinicians are able to come up with strageties in treating any dysfunctional behavior that may surface during counselling. In addition, it is an important step for clinicians to support that in a successful social relationship, there should be optimism. Likewise, clinicians should also take into account other variables or factors in their assessment of the clients quality of human interaction. If for instance, birth order emerged to affect personality and relationship quality, then it should be utilized during the assessment of clients in the clinical setting. Are the earlier cited stereotypes founded in research? How does an individuals birth order affect the personality and behavior of the individual? Understanding the influence of birth order on the personality of a child can aid in making the family particularly parents and the community to be more responsive to the uniqueness of situations and circumstances every child is exposed to during and after birth. It would also provide helpful information that will be utilized by parents in molding and improving their care giving strategies tailor fit to satisify the needs of the child. Theoretical framework During the là  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢t 150 years, Alfred Adler became prominently known in the field of psychology by exploring the relationship between birth order and personality. In the book entitled, Bà  ¾rn tà  ¾ Rebel: Birth à Å ¾rder, Fà  °mily Dynà  °miѠц¢ à  °nd à  ¡reà  °tive Liveц¢, Adler examined prominent names in history, their birth order, and views towards scientific innovation. He mentioned that first borns who have significantly etched their mark in history are more defiant to change compared to their siblings who are more welcoming towards radicalism. Utilizing evidence from clinical observations and verbal testimonies, à  lder (1928) implied that various personality patterns should be related to the individuals birth order. As suggested by Alder, it is the firц¢tbà  ¾rn that would receive most of familial nurturance, attention and love until the second sibling arrives leaving the former becoming resentful for the loss of his or her special place in the family circle. There is in a sense of feeling of dethronement on the part of the first born which he predicted would be more neurotic, likely to be institutionalized, and abuse drugs and other elicit substances. Adler added that the youngest child is likely to be spoiled and overindulged rendering him or her emotionally ill-prepared for human interactions outside of the home. Since the middle child or children has not experienced the negative effects of dethronement and parental overindulging, they are the most successful, secure, and functional. The weakness in Adlers perspectives is his failure to test his assumptions therefore regarded in the scientific community as mere speculations. Birth à  ¾rder implies differences in size, à  °ge, and power distribution in the family unit. Essentially, a siblings birth order is considered à  ° Ñâ‚ ¬rà  ¾xy variable representing the factors affecting competition and the amount of strategies the sibling can explore or adopt to gain access of family resources. Those siblings, who have not successfully adopted strategies in the face of stiff competition especially when other siblings have grown stronger and bigger, will more likely unable to survive crucial developmental stages. This implies that siblings should apply strategies that enable them to increase their access to family resources without resulting to sibling misunderstanding or rivalry (à  lderц¢, 1996, 1999, 2006). Fà  ¾r the first born, there is no direÑ t Ñ à  ¾mÑâ‚ ¬etitià  ¾n because there are no siblings to compete against and only the parents will decide whether or not to give the child access to family resources. This would be an opportune time for the first born to please his or her parents. However most parents interviewed admitted that they do not deprive their only child access to attention, clothing or food despite his or her failure to please the parents. Thus, this situation suggests that the only child needs to submit to his or her parents demands to easily access resources in the family. Regà  °rdleц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ à  ¾f whether the parents, particularly the mother asks the child to behave properly in school, get good grades, or cleans the bedroom, conformity to the expectations of the parents would mean that any available resources will be provided without hesitation. Thuц¢ one would observe that the first born execute ц¢trà  °tegieц¢ that warrant approval of parents by completing assigned tasks and conforming to the demands of parents (à  lderц¢, 2007). Theц¢e ц¢trà  °tegieц¢ which are à  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ quired by virtue of the birth order is made manifest as personalities leading to the conclusion that first borns are conformists (à  lderц¢, 1996, 2007). The situation becomes different in the case of the second born. From the time a child is born after the eldest child, he or she has à  ° rivà  °l fà  ¾r the attention of the parents and access to available resources in the famly. The rival is older, has more physical strength, and secured an early advantage on the family resources. In this situation, what Adler called conditional adaptive strategies come into play. If the second born will mimic the first borns strategy, it would bring disadvantage to both. It would result in intense rivalry and competition and because the first born is stronger and older, more often than not, it is the second born who will be defeated. What the second born can do as an adaptive strategy is to Ñ à  °rve hiц¢ à  ¾r her à  ¾wn niÑ he. When the second born is faced with the older sibling, the former should make use of low power ц¢trà  °tegieц¢ which is appealing to the parents who wa nt justice and impartiality in the home or which inhibit competition and rivalry among siblings. Therefore one would find that the second born will employ alternative strategies and methods to acquire family resources. Consequently, the second born is regarded as rebellious, unconventional and a personality style that scores high in the openness to experience subscale of the Big Five Personal Factor if compared to the eldest sibling (Heà  °ley Elliц¢, 2007). Differences between siblings result from the variety of the roles they play in the family due in part to genetic variability, gender, and birth order. Because of these inherent differences among siblings, family roles become diversified which is in conjuction with Charles Darwins divergence principle. Nature offers competition among species and similar to that, roles among siblings in the family are specialized reducing competition and work responsibilities are equitably distributed. With specialization, parents find it difficult to compare their childrens abilities from one birth order to another. The Darwinian divergence principle is one of the significant scientific landmarks in evolutionary biology since it provides the explanation for adaptive radiation which is the diversity of species that are closely related as illustrated by the Galapagos finches (Winkler, Sulloway 2006). The birth order of an individual in the family is directly linked to age and the chances of engaging ta sks that are age appropriate or age specific. Since the first borns are the oldest among the siblings, they take on the role of a surrogate parent which enable them to be more responsible and mimic adult behavioral patterns. Building on previous studies on personality, Sulloway (1996) organized characteristics of personality into five: Openness, Emotional Stability, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness, (Goldberg, 1982; Norman, 1963). The hypothesis of Sulloway (1996) stated that first born siblings score high in Surgency which means they are highly sociable and dominant owing to the fact that first born individuals tend to lessen diversion of the investment of parents by exercising their dominance over his or her other siblings. Sulloway also hypothesized that first born individuals are less agreeable which indicate higher flexibility, warmth, and selflessness. Since the eldest sibling is the most dominant in the family, those who were born after the eldest child more likely use less confrontive strategies by becoming more agreeable. Sulloway (1996) also said that first borns are more conscientious therefore are more cautious, well organized, and reliable because it is the position of the first born to promote status quo within the family structure. Since the first borns have an earlier benefit over their younger siblings due to enjoyment of parental attention and family resources. Thus the coming of another sibling may cause him or her to be anxious about the likelihood that parental resources will be diverted to the new child. In line with that, Sulloway concluded that first borns may be less emotionally stable. Lastly, Sulloway assumed that being a first born result in scoring low in Openness which would imply that he or she may be less embracing towards the new. Sulloway added that when individuals exhibit high openness it signifies they are more open towards soliciting parental resources using alternative means. Definition of terms The following terms will be defined in order to have a better understanding of the problems this research aims to address: Birth order. This variable refers to the ordinal position of the individual in the family which could classified into first born, second born, third born or last born. Personality. This variable refers to the type of personality based on the instrument of John focusing on Conscientiousness and Openness to New Experience subscales. Conscientiousness. This variable refers to the degree that the individual is well organized or follows planned daily activities. Openness to Experience. This variable refers to the extent that the individuals exhibit traits such as insightfulness, creativity, or wide interests. Conformity. This variable refers to the level in which the individuals follow norms in family communication. Outline of remaining chapters Explained in the next pages are related literature and studies that centrally focus on the effect of birth order and personality among children. The theories that underpin this study will also be cited in the second chapter of this dissertation. The contents of Chapter 3 include problem statement, objectives and their rationale, research plan, participants, instrumentation, data processing, ethical assurances, and summary. Chapter 4 will present the results of the study as well as a thorogh and detailed discussion of results. Data will be presented appropriately to ensure that readers have firm grasp of the nature of the results. This will be followed by Chapter 5 which presents the summary of findings, conclusion, and recommendations.
Monday, August 5, 2019
Higher Dimensional Black Hole Corrected Tunneling Radiation
Higher Dimensional Black Hole Corrected Tunneling Radiation Corrected tunneling radiation of a higher dimensional black hole and generalized second law S. S. Mortazavi[*]1, A. Farmany1, H. Noorizadeh2, V. Fayaz1, H. Hosseinkhani1 Abstract Study the quantum gravitational effects on a higher dimensional horizon, the semiclassical s-wave tunneling radiation of black holes are calculated. It is shown that quantum gravitational effects correct the semiclassical radiation of the horizon space time. Within this background, the generalized second law of thermodynamics is applied to the black hole entropy. 1. Introduction It is interesting that that radiation of black holes can be viewed as simple tunneling phenomena. In this view, a particle-antiparticle pair may form close to a black hole event horizon. The ingoing mode is trapped inside the horizon while the outgoing mode can tunnel through the event horizon. It is interesting that this effect is a quantum mechanically and the present of an event horizon is essential (Hawking, 1975). Recently, the semiclassical analysis of this phenomenon carried out by Parikh and Wilczek (Parikh, Wilczek, 2000; Parikh, 2002; Parikh, 2004; Parikh, 2004). Parikh-Wilczek proposal of black hole tunneling radiation is based on the computation of incoming part of action for classically forbidden of s-wave emission across the horizon (Parikh, Wilczek, 2000; Parikh, 2002; Parikh, 2004; Parikh, 2004; Kraus, Wilczek, 1994; Kraus, Wilczek, 1995; Kraus, Wilczek, 1995; Kraus, Keski-Vakkuri, 1997; Berezin, Boyarsky, Neronov, 1999; Volovik, 1999;1999; Calogeracos, Volovik,1999). As a comparison between Hawking original calculation and tunneling method, it is easy to see that the hawking method is a direct method but its complication to generalization to all other space times is failed while the Parikh-Wilczeck proposal, the tunneling approaches have been successfully applied to a wide range of both the black hole space time horizon and cosmological horizon. For example, 3- dimensional BTZ black holes (Agheben, Nadalini, Vanzo, Zerbini, 2005; Wu, Jiang, 2006), Vaidya space time(Ren, Zhang, Zhao, 2006), dynamical black holes(Di Criscienzo, Nadalini, Vanzo, Zerbini, Zoccatelli, 2007), black rings(Zhao, 2006), Kerr and Kerr-Newman black holes(Jiang, Wu, Cai, 2006; Zhang, Zhao, 2006; Hu, Zhang, Zhao, 2006; Kerner, Mann, 2006), Taub-NUT space time(Kerner, Mann, 2006), GÃ ¶del space time (Kerner, Mann, 2007), dynamical horizons(Di Criscienzo, Nadalini, Vanzo, Zerbini, Zoccatelli, 2007), cosmological horizons(Parikh, 2002; Medved,2002; Sekiwa, 2008), Rindler spac e time (Medved, 2002), de Sitter space time. Of course in all of these approaches the Unruh temperature is recovered successfully (Unruh, 1976; Akhmedova, Pilling, Gill, Singleton, 2008; Banerjee, Kulkarni, 2008; Banerjee, Majhi, 2008). This model is applied to not only the black hole event horizon, but also to the cosmological horizon (Parikh, 2002; Medved, 2002; Sekiwa, 2008). The black hole tunneling method was studied in different space-times and different frames and the time contribution to the black hole radiation is developed in (Chowdhury, 2008; Akhmedov, Akhmedova, Pilling, Singleton, 2007; Zhang, Cai, Zhan, 2009; Banerjee, Majhi, 2009; Akhmedov, et al, 2006; Akhmedov, Pilling, Singleton, 2008). In continue, the spectrum form of the tunneling mechanism is analyzed using the density matrix technique (Banerjee, Majhi, 2009). However the Parikh-Wilczek method is based on the classical analysis, when it comes into the high-energy regime, for example a small black hole whose size can be compared with Planck scale, the effect of quantum gravity should not be forbidden. In this case, the conventional semiclassical approaches are not proper and the complete quantum gravity analysis is required. To study the quantum gravitational effects on the tunneling mechanism it is interesting to relate the analysis under a minimal length quantum gravity scale ( Adler, Chen, Santiago, 2001; Han, Li, Ling, 2008; Farmany, et al, 2008; Shu, Shen, 2008; Wang, Gui, Ma, 2008; Setare, 2004; Kim, Park, 2007; Nouicer, 2007; Zhao, Zhang, 2006; Xiang, 2006; Dehghani, Farmany, 2009). In this paper, the black hole tunneling radiation is studied based on the generalized uncertainty principle. It is shown that the generalized second law of thermodynamics applie a bound on the tunneling radiation. 2. The corrected Bekenstein-Hawking entropy A d-dimensional spherical symmetric black hole background is defined by (1) where . The uncertainty in the position of a particle, during the emission, (2) where applying the uncertainty principle, we obtain the energy of radiated particle, (3) Where and Mpl is Planck mass. Temperature of black hole in a d-dimension space time may be obtained by setting the radiated particle mass m to. The d-dimensional black hole temperature may be obtained as, (4) where d3. Eqs. (4) shows the temperature of a d-dimensional black hole with . The Bekenstein-Hawking entropy is usually derived from the Hawking temperature. The entropy S may be found from the well known thermodynamics relation, (5) From (3-5) we obtain, (6) Quantum gravitational effects of horizon may affect on the thermodynamics of black hole and modifies its usual thermodynamical behavior. Study of black hole thermodynamics in the quantum gravity theory was made using a generalized uncertainty principle (Adler, 1999; Hossenfelder et al, 2004; Maggiore, 1994; Kempf, Managano, 1997; Farmany, Abbasi, Naghipour, 2007) (7) Where lpl is the Planck length. Setting 2rh as , we obtain, (8) Solving for minimum and expanding around lpl2=0, eq. (8) reads, (9) Comparing (9) with (7) we obtain, (10) inserting (4) into (10), the d-dimensional black hole temperature me be obtained, (11) The corrected entropy S’ may be obtained from the thermodynamics relation (5), (12) 3. The corrected black hole radiation As shown by Parick and Wilczek (2000) the WKB approximation relate the tunneling probability to the imaginary part of the action (13) Where I is the classical action of trajectory. The difference between all approaches of tunneling method is in how the action is calculated. As shown by Arzano et al (Arzano, Medved, Vagenas, 2005), (14) in terms of black hole mass M and energy E, which is correspond to (15) provided the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy/area relation. Consider the above relation, eq.(13) can be written in the following general form, (16) The quantum gravity-corrected black hole entropy is given by eq.(12), so, (17) Substituting (17) into (16) we obtain, (18) which shows the corrected tunneling probability and . 4. Generalized second law of thermodynamics and modified black hole tunneling radiation Bekenstein (1981) has conjectured that the entropy S and energy E of any thermodynamic system must obey, (19) where R is defined as the circumferential radius. This bound is universal in the sense that it is supposed to hold in any matter system. The Bekenstein bound has been confirmed in wide classes of systems. However, as pointed by Bekenstein, the bound is valid for systems with finite size and limited self-gravity. Counterexamples can be easily found in systems undergoing gravitational collapse (Bousso, 1999). Another entropy bound is related to the holographic principle, which says that the entropy in a spherical volume satisfies (20) where A is the area of the system. It was shown that this bound is violated for sufficiently large volumes (Fischler and Susskind, 1998). As shown by eqs.(19-20), there is a bound on the entropy of the black hole when it related to the black hole area. While the black hole entropy bound applied to eq. (7), we obtain, (21) So, in the presence of entropy bound, eq. (16) may be, (22) Combining eq.(22) and (18) we obtain the corrected tunneling probability of black hole radiation. (23) Conclusion The semiclassical black hole tunneling radiation is calculated by the Parikh-Wilczek tunneling proposal of black hole radiation based on the generalized uncertainty principle. It is shown that the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of black holes receives a correction that affects on the radiation tunneling probability. In continue applying the generalized second law of thermodynamics to the modified black hole tunneling radiation is obtained. References Agheben, M., M. Nadalini, L. Vanzo, S. Zerbini, JHEP 0505 (2005) 014, Akhmedova, V., T. Pilling, A. de Gill, D. Singleton, arXiv:0808.3413 [hep-th] Akhmedov, E. T., V. Akhmedova, T. Pilling, D. Singleton, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 22:1705- 1715, 2007; Akhmedov, E. T., V. Akhmedova, D. Singleton, Phys. Lett. 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Sunday, August 4, 2019
Shakespeare, Kingship, and the Chain of Being in Macbeth Essay
Shakespeare, Kingship, and the Chain of Being in Macbeth Shakespeare's play "Macbeth" is largely based upon the theme of kingship. "Macbeth" was written for James the 1st, who would have been interested in kingship and believed in the "chain of being" and the "divine right" of kings. The "chain of being" is the belief that everything is connected like a chain, and is affected by anything above it. God was believed to be at the top of the chain, and the King was believed to be the highest on earth. The "divine right" was the belief that rightful kings were put there by God, and should not be removed. Shakespeare represents these with the prosperity when Duncan is king and the unnaturalness and evil, which is present when Macbeth becomes king by evil means. This is emphasised because James the 1st traced his ancestors to Banquo, whose descendents were the rightful kings of Scotland. The theme of kingship may also have been cautionary to anyone plotting to kill James, as Macbeth was written the year after the famous "Gunpowder Plot". At the beginning of the play, Duncan is the rightful king of Scotland, there by his "divine right". In his first appearance, King Duncan performs two of the basic duties of a king, punishing the bad and rewarding the good. Upon learning of the treachery of the Thane of Cawdor and the heroism of Macbeth, he says, "No more that Thane of Cawdor shall deceive our bosom interest: go pronounce his present death, and with his former title greet Macbeth." The chain of being is intact, and Duncan is showing good kingship by punishing the Thane of Cawdor for treason and rewarding Macbeth for his bravery. When ... ...ion, patience, courage, fortitude". This is Shakespeare's idea of the perfect king. At the end of the play, Malcolm is restored to his rightful place as king of Scotland. The people support their king again, and they shout "Hail, king of Scotland." The country is united around their king again, not separated as they were under Macbeth. Shakespeare is trying to show that when the chain of being is intact, the country is in unity. In conclusion, Shakespeare uses the theme of kingship in Macbeth to warn people about what happens if you break the chain of being. The murder and disturbance in nature, and Macbeth's madness show that nothing good can come form killing the monarch, and the countries unity under Malcolm show that everything is peaceful and prosperous under a king that is on the throne by "divine right".
Saturday, August 3, 2019
Essay --
The growing relevance of Chemical Engineering in today’s world, from energy & oil industries to pharmaceuticals & biotechnology, and a keen desire for applying this knowledge in interrelated spheres motivates me to pursue a Master’s degree in this field. My interest in science goes back to the time when I was in school. We had a young and enthusiastic teacher who took us on field trips and visits to science fairs and museums. This nascent interest has only burgeoned through my years in school and high school, as I have learnt more about the subject. In the long run, I see myself as a part of a leading research group, either as a faculty member or in the R&D department of an organisation contributing my bit to the field of Chemical Engineering. As a research scientist, I hope to make a difference in this field and learn more through the innovative challenges. My father, being a chemical engineer, inspired in me an innate desire to be a chemical engineer myself. I appeared for the All India Engineering Entrance Exam (AIEEE) and was placed in the top 1% of the 1,100,000 students who had taken the exam. I chose Chemical Engineering as my undergraduate major at Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur which provided me the opportunity to explore the breadth of chemical engineering. While the core courses provided the fundamentals of the field, the electives that I chose helped me gain an insight into the various facets of chemical engineering. My main aim during my undergraduate studies was to get an overview of the various fields in chemical engineering and identify a field of interest in which I could pursue my research career. Because of their vast applications, Materials & Polymer Sciences, in general, have attracted m... ...timulating academic environment and interaction with the distinguished faculty at Columbia University will prove immensely fruitful and facilitate my development as an individual researcher in my field. I feel that XXXX has a lot to offer me, and at the same time, I believe that I would be able to make a positive contribution to on-going research work at XXXX. The incentive of working under Professor XXXX is reason enough of my desire to apply here. Not only because he is working on XXXX, my favorite field of study, but also because I think with my experience in the field of XXXX, I would be able to contribute significantly in his research. I am confident that my strong motivation, my undergraduate experiences and my skill set will help me to measure up to the rigors of graduate study. I look forward to joining XXXX as a graduate student at your esteemed department.
Friday, August 2, 2019
The Prevalence Of Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, And Binge Eating D
The Prevalence Of Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, And Binge Eating Disorder How prevalent is anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and other eating disorders? Without the knowledge of research, one is likely to think eating disorders are quite prevalent in society today. However, research proves that eating disorders, in general, are not as prevalent as one might think without any knowledge of the subject. Prevalence of an eating disorder refers to the number of cases of an eating disorder within a population. When discussing the prevalence of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and eating disorders, it is important to realize and understand the risk factors and characteristics that help to better explain the prevalence of such disorders. This paper will discuss the diagnostic criteria used to diagnose anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and eating disorders, as well as the risk factors and characteristics involved with each disorder. The prevalence of eating disorders in college men will also be discussed along with the risk factors and characteristics that lead to these prevalence rates. Prevalence and Diagnostic Criteria for Anorexia Nervosa In order to understand the importance of the prevalence of anorexia nervosa it is important to generally understand the DSM IV criteria for anorexia nervosa. In order to qualify for diagnosis as an anorexic, a Patient must maintain an abnormally low weight (I 5% below expected weight for height and age). One must also have severe concerns about shape and weight, which is usually seen as an intense fear of gaining weight, in order to be classified as an anorexic. One who qualifies as anorexic also has low self evaluation about shape and weight. Also, in post-menarchal females... ...c cases? The American Journal of Psychiatry 1996; 153:386-394. Fairbum, Christopher and Terence Wilson. (1993). Binge Eating. New York: Guilford Press. Garfinkel, Paul, Elizabeth Lin, Paula Goering, and Cathy Spegg: Bulimia nervosa in a Canadian community sample: prevalence and comparison of subgroups. The American Journal of Psychiatry 1995; 152: 1052-1062. Kendler, KS, Neale Maclean, R. Kessler, A. Heath, and L. Eaves: The genetic epidemiology of bulimia nervosa. American Journal of Psychiatry 199 1; 1627-163 7. Olivardia, Roberto, Harrison Pope, Jr., Barbara Mangweth, and James Hudson: Eating disorders in college men. American Journal of Psychiatry 1995; 152:1279-1291. Walters, Ellen, and Kenneth Kendler: Anorexia nervosa and anorexic-like syndromes in a population based female twin sample. The American Journal of Psychiatry 1995- 152: 64-75.
Thursday, August 1, 2019
Governor General in Canada
Overview My research paper will discuss the proposal of institutional reform concerning the function of Governor General. Canada is a constitutional monarchy and the role of the Governor General is to represent Canada as a whole in replace of the Crown or the Queen. Since Canada has no longer any real ties with the British Sovereignty in terms of government rules many would argue if the role of the Governor General has any significance to being an important political actor in Canada’s Constitution.To begin this paper, I will discuss a brief overview on what the role of a Governor General is, their formal powers and executive powers, dignified and efficient. My research paper will then emphasize on an institutional reform in regards to the function of the Governor General, it will discuss why Canada does not need a representation of the Crown any longer since the Governor General’s actions are mainly symbolic, therefore meaning that the new reform would have no Governor General appointed royally but instead an elected officer.The next argument in the development of the research will discuss the arguments against this institutional reform and why the Governor General’s role is still significant in Canada and why this political actor should still be a part of the Canadian Constitution, since in fact it is part of Canadian history and politics. And then lastly on the development is what my personal opinion is on the matter of having an institution reform or not and then finally finishing off with the conclusion of my paper. Bibliography 1. Desserud, Donald (2006). The Confidence Convention under the Canadian Parliamentary System.Ottawa, Ontario: Canadian Study of Parliament Group. This article discusses one of the efficient powers of the governor general, dissolving of parliament. The governor general takes advice from the prime minister, when the prime minister might be in a situation where the House of Commons throws a non-confidence vote, an d through some motivation behind it the prime minister would then ask permission of the Governor General, who has the power to dissolve parliament, especially when there is a minority government and this book will discuss a few examples of it.This source is useful because it can help us understand why the Governor General’s role shares relevance. 2. Hicks, B. (2009). Guiding the Governor General's Prerogatives: Constitutional Convention Versus an Apolitical Decision Rule. Constitutional Forum, 18(2), 55-67. This article talks about the conventional powers the Governor General has and how it has always been around and a part of Canadian politics.Some scholars disagree with these constitutional conventions and how it should be more democratic, such as an elected official who understands more about the politics of Canada and not just representing the country. This article can be favourable to the argument of having an institutional reform. 3. Hicks, B. M. (2010). The Crown's â⠂¬Å"Democratic†Reserve Powers. Journal Of Canadian Studies, 44(2), 5-31. This journal is about Canada’s responsible government and how the powers of the Governor General can be somewhat misused because of Parliament keeping limits on some powers.Since Canada has been free from British Sovereignty, the Governor General holds more importance in guiding the prime minister but then again since the Governor General’s powers are more dignified rather than efficient, he or she is advised by the prime minister and sometimes these decisions go in favour for the prime minister and this may not always be fair. This journal can go in favour of the argument to have an institutional reform, because the powers of the Governor General may only be helping out the prime minister and may not be so democratic. 4. Messamore, B. J. (2005). The line over which he must not pass': Defining the Office of Governor General, 1878. Canadian Historical Review, 86(3), 453-483. This press revie w goes back all the way to the 19th century, when the formation of the Canadian Constitution first began; it talks about the British Sovereignty’s representation that which is the Governor General. This reference can be helpful to this research paper because it gives the history of the Governor General and how this role of a political actor first started which can be relevant in the introduction of the paper and can give an overview of this significant actor. . Smith, David (1995). The Invisible Crown: The First Principle of Canadian Government. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. This book discusses how the Crown, the Governor General, has contributed a great amount to Canada and its parliamentary government. This book talks about the significance of the Governor General and how its functions have changed Canadian politics for the better in terms of social, geographic and economic conditions. This reference will be useful towards the research paper when he argumen t is opposed to an institutional reform. 6. W. , D. D. (2009). Jean, Michaelle. Current Biography, 70(6), 36-42. This biography is about Michaelle Jean, Canada’s current Governor General. This reference can be useful for the research paper because it can give a certain insight on the life of a Governor General, their accomplishments and what gives them the factor of becoming a Governor General which is a pretty important role in Canada’s Constitution.This biography can favour the argument of not having an institutional reform because it can give a better understanding that not just anyone can become Governor General and that they can represent and shape Canada as a country for the better. 7. Wheeldon, J. (2011). Actors, Targets, and Guardians: Using Routine Activities Theory to Explore the 2008 Decision to Prorogue Parliament In Canada. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 36(1), 59-93.This article discusses the 2008 prorogation request by Stephen Harper to Michaelle Jean wh ich was highly criticized by many who thought she should have not accepted the request. This article holds significance because it can show how the Governor General’s role may not be as significant because their role may not be helpful to the government an may be more in favour to the prime minister but not towards the good of the Canadian parliament and therefore to the good of the Canadian citizens. Function of Governor General: The Idea of an Institutional Reform Priya Patel 6587402
Masculinity in “A View from the Bridge†Essay
Arthur Miller wrote this play in 1955. He has written many other plays including All My Sons, which was a success at Broadway. Miller was born in 1915, in New York City, but both his parent had emigrated to the US. This play revolves around emigration, so Miller has had a lot of personal experience. This play is based in the late 1940’s, just after the Second World War, when many people were emigrating to the US, looking for a better life. In the play, which is located in Brooklyn, which is a community full of dockworkers, we have a picture of Eddie, Beatrice and Catherine’s lives when Rodolfo and Marco illegally emigrate to the US from Italy. When Catherine (Eddie’s niece) falls in love with Rodolfo, Eddie loses his cool, and reports Marco and Rodolfo to immigration. The drama ends with the death of Eddie, as he tried to kill Marco; Marco turned the knife, and stabbed Eddie. There are three leading male characters in the play; Eddie, Rodolfo and Marco, and each of them play different roles and have different types of roles. The first of these men we meet is Eddie. The first impression of any character is very important, and the first impression we get of Eddie is that he is a real family person. He talks very complimentarily towards Catherine, â€Å"Beautiful! Turn, around, lemme see in the back. Oh if your mother was alive to see you now! She wouldn’t believe it.†This gives the reader the impression that he is a family person, who is close to his niece. Then when he hears that Beatrice (his wife) is cousins have arrived he tells her â€Å"Don’t worry about it B., there’s nothin’ to it. Couple of hours and they’ll be here.†This gives us the impression that he is also very caring towards B’s family, even though they come in illegally. This also enhances the impression that he is a family man. We are made to believe generally that he’s a good man, who values his family very high. When we hear that Catherine has got a job, she wanted to ask Eddie if it was all right with him if she took it. This shows us that he has a lot of status in the house. If he hadn’t any status, Catherine would have gone behind his back, and wouldn’t have asked permission. Eddie then replied by saying â€Å"Sure she’s the best.†This shows us that he cares for his family and wants the best for his niece. A little later we hear from a lawyer called Alfieri. We are believed to trust him because of his wisdom, and position in the community. He is the voice of the community. He then tells his thoughts towards Eddie. â€Å"He was a good man as he had to be in a life that was hard and even.†The important word here is â€Å"was†, this shows us that Eddie’s personality is on the verge of changing. When we are introduced to Rodolfo and Marco, there is a huge difference between them, first there is their appearance. The impression that we get of Marco is that he’s a strong man, and is focused, because Miller describes him as â€Å"Square-built peasant of thirty-two, suspicious, tender and quiet voiced.†when he is first introduced. This gives us the impression that he is a very quiet person, but his awareness is very good, he is very alert of what’s around him. During the first scene where he’s introduced, when he talks it’s usually very short answers, e.g. â€Å"Thank you†and â€Å"Are you my cousin?†On the other hand, Rodolfo’s manliness is totally different to Eddie’s and Marco’s. Rodolfo is an extremely attractive young man, who is very sensitive. Where Eddie and Marco are much more macho than Rodolfo, unlike Eddie and Marco, Rodolfo sees sewing, cooking and singing as manly. We are made to believe that Rodolfo is quiet intelligent, because the language he uses is very flowery, â€Å"The horses in our town are skinnier than goats.†One of the most notable features that Rodolfo has is his â€Å"so blond†hair. Immediately Eddie goes on the defence, and say’s that is hair is like a â€Å"chorus girl or sump’m.†Then Eddie goes on to imply that he dyes his hair, which in Eddie’s eyes is unacceptable. Without ever saying it, Eddie’s implying that Rodolfo is gay. Another factor that goes against Rodolfo is that he is a very keen singer, and we hear his version of â€Å"Paper Doll†, and in Eddie’s eyes, only homosexuals sing. Due to the difference in physique between both characters, it was inevitable that they wouldn’t be able to work effectively. Marco is full of muscle, so he is adapted very well to work in a shipyard, but because of his slight physique, Rodolfo is not as well adapted. In my view, he would have been much better in the entertainment business, because he is a natural joke teller. However, Eddie tells Rodolfo that â€Å"But as long as you owe them money, they’ll get you plenty of work†that tells us that there are plenty of work in the docks, and Rodolfo is very clever and takes the work just to get some money in. This shows us that Rodolfo has a good brain, and is more concerned so he can get some money in to establish himself as an American. After coming home from work, Eddie goes on the attack, and undermines Rodolfo’s work rate, because he hasn’t taken at all to Rodolfo, He doesn’t see things like sewing, cooking and singing as manly. First of all he complains that â€Å"he sings.†Eddie is very embarrassed of this, because many of his friend e.g. Louis work there, and knowing that Eddie gives a roof to the â€Å"Canary†might under mind his street cred, because it’s like Rodolfo’s giving out â€Å"regular free shows†. Even at home Rodolfo sings, and this really goes under Eddie’s skin, as he says â€Å"if you came in the house and you didn’t †¦ know who was singin’, you wouldn’t be lookin for him you be lookin’ for her.†This shows us that Rodolfo isn’t shy about singing. He wants to make the most of his magical voice. Nevertheless, Eddie realises if someone was to come to the house, to ask, â€Å"who was singing?†he would be extremely embarrassed to say it was a man’s voice. This is extremely ironic, because most of the famous Italian singers are tenors. Although by now a man singing tenor is totally acceptable, back in the time that this play was written, people were less sophisticated, and in my opinion much more prepared to stereotype people. Although Eddie isn’t the biggest fan of Rodolfo, we learn at the end of the first act that Rodolfo is the kind of man that Beatrice and Catherine are looking for. When Marco says that â€Å"everybody gets fat†when Rodolfo’s cooking, Eddie tries to make this count against Rodolfo, but the girls see through this. Catherine then goes on to glorify the fact that he could cook, and say’s that â€Å"all the big hotels (chefs) are men†. This shows that she thinks that there’s different ways to be a man, either through cooking or dancing. Straight afterwards, in my opinion Eddie feels very vulnerable because two men have arrived, and he’s afraid he would be toppled as king of the castle. So Eddie goes out to win some honour back, and tries to humiliate Rodolfo and Marco. His first target was Rodolfo. He went for one of Rodolfo’s weaknesses, in his opinion his manliness; he isn’t strong enough in Eddie’s view so he decides to teach Rodolfo how to box. Eddie encouraged Rodolfo to â€Å"put sump’m behind it, you can’t hurt me.†and â€Å"Come on show me! What’re you gonna be? Show me!†In my view, Eddie is trying to show that he’s a better and stronger man than Rodolfo; he wants to prove to Beatrice and Catherine, that Rodolfo isn’t the man they think he is. Just to rub the salt into the wound, Eddie â€Å"feints with his right and lands with his right.†Afterwards he asks Rodolfo â€Å"Did I hurt you?†In my opinion, Eddie is waiting for Rodolfo to reply â€Å"Yes†, so Catherine and Beatrice sees such a weak person he is, but Rodolfo replies â€Å"No, no.†This shows the toughness that belongs to Rodolfo that we haven’t seen before in the play. This shows the reader that Eddie hasn’t succeeded in humiliating Rodolfo, but rather he succeeded to humiliate himself. Just to make the situation worse for Eddie, Rodolfo and Catherine continue with their lives and go to dance, they didn’t dwindle on the situation. After seeing his younger brother being treated so horrid by Eddie, Marco decides to challenge Eddie’s masculinity, and bring him back down to earth with a bang. All Marco asked is â€Å"can you lift this chair?†It sounds like a pretty easy thing to do. When Eddie went down on his knees to pick it up, he fails. â€Å"He tries again, and again fails.†Then when Marco goes down to pick it up, he â€Å"raises the chair over his head.†He raised the chair as it was a weapon, and as a word of warning to Eddie. This shows us that Marco is looking after his close family, and wants to make sure that nobody gets the better of them. This lift was more of a warning to Eddie not to mess with Rodolfo, than anything else in my opinion. He did this as his felt quite a strong responsibility towards Rodolfo. This is a clear sign that Marco is looking for justice, and he isn’t as quiet a character as Miller first portrays him. This is a clear similarity between Marco and Eddie, because both want to protect their families. Although Mike does portray him as a â€Å"regular bull†, that shows that Marco’s strength has been seen through out the community. Catherine is extremely important to the whole plot of the drama, because it’s because of her that the entire feud between Eddie and Rodolfo has erupted. At the beginning of the play we get the idea that Eddie’s extremely protective towards Catherine because he says â€Å"I promised your mother in her deathbed. I’m responsible for you.†At this point we get the idea that Eddie’s like any other caring uncle, but as the drama unfolds, we are made to think that Eddie’s is becoming overly attached to Catherine. When Eddie learns that Rodolfo has extremely strong feelings towards Catherine, he quickly tries to distance Catherine away from him, by saying that â€Å"He don’t respect you.†This is a cry of a desperate man, it’s as if he doesn’t want her to grow up, this is a very strong weakness of Eddies. We learn earlier on in the play that Eddie isn’t a good husband, because Beatrice asks, â€Å"When am I gonna be a wife again, Eddie?†I think that Eddie is confused with the state of his relationship with Catherine as she’s growing up, and because of this it’s stopping him from completing his duties with Beatrice. When Rodolfo sing or dances with Catherine, the song â€Å"Paper Doll†is often used e.g. When Rodolfo tells Catherine to â€Å"Dance†the phonograph â€Å"plays ‘Paper Doll’†. In my opinion this is a very clever use of song because it describes the nature of Rodolfo, he like a news paper. First of all Rodolfo isn’t extremely strong, nor is paper. One of the similarities between Marco and Eddie’s that they’re both very strong. Also you can read Rodolfo’s thoughts by looking at his face, just as if you’re reading a newspaper. One of the differences between Eddie and Marco is that Marco cares for his wife. In my opinion, to be a good man you must look after your wife. Where Eddie forgets to do his duties in bed, Marco sends some of the money he has won back to his family in Italy, so they can have a better life. As I’ve said, both men want to look after their families, but both do this is different ways. Marco is prepared to leave his family to earn money, whereas Eddie hangs on to his family too tight in my opinion. One of the turning points is the drama, is when Eddie goes around kissing everybody. When Eddie sees Rodolfo and Catherine together, Eddie â€Å"suddenly, draws her to him, and as she strives to free herself he kisses her on the lips.†This is Eddie getting what he wants, that is Catherine, because we know that Eddie doesn’t want Beatrice. Although Eddie gets Catherine in a very brutal way, it shows his dominance in the house. Not just content with this, â€Å"Eddie pins (Rodolfo’s) arms, laughing, and suddenly kisses him.†This is a rather odd gesture, because many times during the play Eddie describes Rodolfo as â€Å"The guy ain’t right.†He uses it many times either because he feels that this is true, or even because he is trying to convince himself that this is right. This kiss doesn’t follow with Eddie’s behaviour during the rest of the play, because by kissing him, he brings himself down to the same masculinity as gays. During the end we learn a lot about the characters real thoughts and feelings, and what sort of men they really are. There is a lot of discussion during the play, asking is Rodolfo just looking after himself, by wanting to marry an American. This is thrown more into doubt when Catherine asks him telling him â€Å"Suppose I wanted to live in Italy. At first he tries to push away the idea by replying â€Å"Forever?†At this point you start to believe that he’s a selfish little Italian that just wants to be an American. But then he goes on and says that â€Å"there’s nothing†¦I would be a criminal stealing your face†. This tells us that he’s as caring as Marco, he only wants the best for Catherine, and that all of Eddie’s doubts seem wrong. As the plot unfolds, Eddie’s masculinity seems to grow weaker and weaker. He has finally cracked when he â€Å"wants to report something†. Illegal immigrants. Two of them.†This shows us that Eddie has finally gone for the big one. He isn’t enough of a man to throw Rodolpho and Marco on to the street; he phones to get others to do his dirty work. This is a sign of a coward. Although he thinks it’s the right thing to do, because he is protecting Catherine. After two officials catch the illegal immigrants, â€Å"Marco suddenly breaks from the group and dashes into the room and faces Eddie†. This shows us that Marco is a growing threat during this play. He’s becoming more and more important as the plot unfolds. By standing up to Eddie it shows that he’s ready to match him. But instead of attacking him verbally or physically, he â€Å"spits into Eddie’s face†. This is the point where Eddie loses all his dignity and manliness. The Italian community in Brooklyn is extremely close together, and they watch out for each other, and having one of their own betraying them is a sin, so Eddie will be looked down at now by the rest of the community. Not even Louis, one of Eddie’s close friends turn around to look at him when Eddie shouts, â€Å"Louis! Louis!†Even Catherine his own niece says that â€Å"he bites people when they sleep!†This shows us now that nobody will ever be able to trust him again, not even his own family. Just to rub the salt into the wound, Marco shouts, â€Å"That one! He killed my children! That one stole the food from my children!†This shows that the relationship between Eddie and Marco has hit an all time low. This also throws away the scraps of dignity that Eddie had left. It also enhances the fact that Marco is a loving father, who’s desperate to help his family back in Italy. In the very last scene, we start by seeing Catherine one again stealing his manliness away from him, by saying that â€Å"he’s a rat! He belongs in the sewers!†This shows us by now, not even his closest family can bear to be close to him after the unforgivable sin that he’s done. Only one character keeps faith in Eddie, and that’s Beatrice. She ironically stands by him all the time. But when Eddie sees Marco, he loses his mind, and starts to attack him verbally and physically. Eddie is blind to the fact that he is wrong, he isn’t enough of a man to face up to the fact, so he Marco to tell the people that â€Å"what a liar you are!†This shows that Eddie is confident that he can have one successful blow at Marco, but he is wrong. Marco attacks back by calling Eddie an â€Å"†Animal! You go on your knees to me!†!†And he does this twice. This is one of the worst insults that a man in that time could call another. It shows us that Eddie is below the level of dignity shown by human beings, and is down there in the dumps, and by going on his knees shows that he’s at the same level as animals. Then both of them get ready to fight. Eddie at this point has nothing to lose, so he takes out a knife and at this point and â€Å"Louis (Eddie’s friend) halts and steps back from trying to stop the fight. This shows the power and status Eddie has just won by cheating. But in the end, Eddie had no chance of beating Marco, due to his strength. Marco managed to turn the blade around and stabbed Eddie. Eddie died, as a cheat, but he regains some dignity as he dies in Beatrice’s arms. This shows although all the horrid remarks and actions Eddie has made, Beatrice is there until the very end. Marco’s manliness during the play just grows and grows until this climax. Without a doubt, Miller has many different views on masculinity. You have Eddie and Marco, who are two extremely strong men, and you have Rodolfo, who is extremely keen on more feminine activates. In my opinion, there isn’t a lot of difference between these. All three are men in their different ways, but one thing in my view is a must is respect. And Eddie had lost it, all of it by the end. He used to be the king of the household before Marco and Rodolfo came along, and during that time, he was losing his respect due to the treatment he gave them, an example of this is when Eddie phoned the immigration office. In my opinion, Eddie knew he was losing respect from Beatrice because he demanded her â€Å"I want my respect, Beatrice.†This shows us that he worries what people think of him.
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